Around the Canada Pavillion in 1967. Image © Cortomaltais via Wikipedia under license CC-BY-SA-4.0

會(huì)“變形”的世博遺產(chǎn)：蒙特利爾的建筑“七十二變”
When the World Came to Montreal: The Urban Legacy of Canada’s Expo 67

由專筑網(wǎng)Yinglin，小R編譯

加拿大1967年蒙特利爾世界博覽會(huì)（Expo 67）被公認(rèn)為歷史上最成功的世界博覽會(huì)之一，打破了多項(xiàng)記錄，并對(duì)蒙特利爾的城市景觀產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)而持久的影響。作為加拿大建國100周年慶典的一部分，此次活動(dòng)為城市提供了一個(gè)在全球舞臺(tái)上展示其文化和技術(shù)成就的機(jī)會(huì)。僅六個(gè)月內(nèi)，博覽會(huì)吸引了超過5000萬游客，刷新了參觀人數(shù)記錄，其中單日游客最高達(dá)56.95萬，這是當(dāng)時(shí)世界博覽會(huì)前所未有的壯舉。如今，58年后，2025年大阪世博會(huì)即將展示未來的社會(huì)，回顧蒙特利爾世博會(huì)的遺產(chǎn)，并探索其帶來的城市轉(zhuǎn)型顯得尤為重要。

盡管最終取得成功，蒙特利爾世博會(huì)在早期規(guī)劃階段面臨相當(dāng)大的挑戰(zhàn)。政治和后勤問題威脅到項(xiàng)目的推進(jìn)，加拿大的公眾支持最初較低。然而，蒙特利爾市長Jean Drapeau 及其團(tuán)隊(duì)的堅(jiān)定承諾確保了項(xiàng)目的實(shí)現(xiàn)。資金結(jié)構(gòu)為三方合作，聯(lián)邦政府出資50%，魁北克省提供37.5%，蒙特利爾市承擔(dān)剩余的12.5%。僅用四年半的時(shí)間建設(shè)完成，這比大多數(shù)世界博覽會(huì)的建設(shè)周期顯著更短，標(biāo)志著國家的一項(xiàng)令人印象深刻的成就。

Canada's Expo 67 stands as one of the most successful world expos ever held, setting records and leaving an enduring impact on Montreal's urban landscape. As part of Canada's 100 years celebrations, the event provided an opportunity for the city to showcase its cultural and technological achievements on a global platform. With over 50 million visitors in just six months, it shattered attendance records, including an astonishing 569,500 visitors in a single day. An unprecedented feat for a world fair at the time. Now, 58 years later, and with the Osaka Expo 2025 set to showcase how to design the future society for our lives, it is worth revisiting the legacy of Expo 67 and exploring the urban transformations it brought to Montreal.
Despite its eventual success, Expo 67 faced considerable obstacles during its early planning stages. Political and logistical issues threatened to derail the project, and public support within Canada was initially low. However, the commitment of Montreal's mayor, Jean Drapeau, and a team of dedicated organizers ensured its realization. The funding was structured as a three way partnership, with the federal government contributing 50 percent, Québec providing 37.5 percent, and the city of Montreal covering the remaining 12.5 percent. In just four and a half years, a significantly shorter timeline than most world expos, the construction was completed, marking an impressive achievement for the country.

Drapeau and L’Allier at the official opening of the Montréal metro, 1966. Image via Archives de la Ville de Montréal

蒙特利爾世博會(huì)的一個(gè)特色是其創(chuàng)新的場地，位于圣勞倫斯河上的人工島嶼上。市長Drapeau支持創(chuàng)建Notre Dame島嶼并擴(kuò)展Sainte-Hélène島嶼，而非選擇現(xiàn)有陸地。這片新土地通過新近開通的地鐵系統(tǒng)與蒙特利爾市中心相連。盡管地鐵的建設(shè)在世界博覽會(huì)前多年便已開始，Expo 67的開幕幫助提升了地鐵的受歡迎程度。到1966年底，地鐵開通僅2.5個(gè)月，乘客已完成3210萬次行程，到1967年，這一數(shù)字達(dá)到3億次。

島嶼的建設(shè)需要大量材料。據(jù)蒙特利爾歷史學(xué)家Bruno Paul Stenson稱，關(guān)于島嶼由地鐵建設(shè)挖掘出的土壤建造的都市傳說實(shí)際上并不真實(shí)。事實(shí)上，這部分材料僅占10%左右。大部分材料通過疏浚河流和拆除工程而獲得，每天有數(shù)千輛卡車運(yùn)輸材料。

One of the features of Expo 67 was its innovative site, which was located on artificial islands in the St. Lawrence River. Instead of selecting an existing landmass, Mayor Drapeau supported the creation of Notre Dame Island and the expansion of Sainte-Hélène Island. This new land was connected to downtown Montreal by the recently inaugurated metro system. Despite its construction starting many years before the World Fair, the opening of Expo 67 helped to increase the Metro's popularity. By the end of 1966, when the metro had been open for only 2.5 months, riders had already made 32.1 million trips on the system, reaching 300 million by 1967.
The construction of the islands required a massive amount of material. According to Montreal Historian Bruno Paul Stenson, the urban legend that says the islands were built from excavated soil from the metro construction is actually not true. In fact they only contributed around 10% of the material. The majority of it was sourced by dredging the river and demolishing Green Island and Round Island, with thousands of trucks transporting the materials over Jacques Cartier Bridge every day.

Expo 67 site in 1969. Image via Archives de la Ville de Montréal

該活動(dòng)還啟動(dòng)了蒙特利爾范圍內(nèi)的廣泛基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施發(fā)展。主要道路得到升級(jí)或新建，以應(yīng)對(duì)預(yù)期的游客激增。此外，一些重大建筑項(xiàng)目作為城市現(xiàn)代化努力的一部分也得以出現(xiàn)。

The event also started extensive infrastructure developments throughout Montreal. Major roads such as the Bonaventure Autoroute, the Décarie Expressway, and the Louis-Hippolyte-Lafontaine Tunnel were upgraded or constructed to accommodate the anticipated influx of visitors. Additionally, significant architectural projects, including Place Bonaventure and the Château Champlain Hotel, emerged as part of the city's modernization efforts.

View of Expo 67 site and Montreal's downtown skyline. Image via Archives de la Ville de Montréal

蒙特利爾世博會(huì)的游客有多種交通方式可供選擇，以探索廣闊的會(huì)場。世博快線提供快速交通，而輕軌則提供較慢的單軌列車體驗(yàn)。腳踏車帶來更悠閑的探索，船只在場地的運(yùn)河中前行，增加了沉浸式體驗(yàn)。官方導(dǎo)游也在場協(xié)助游客，3D地圖提供了展覽布局的概覽。

Visitors to Expo 67 had various modes of transportation available to navigate the expansive fairgrounds. The Expo Express provided rapid transit, while the Minirail offered a slower monorail experience. Pedicabs allowed for a more leisurely exploration, and boats glided through the site's canals, adding to the immersive experience. Official guides were also present to assist guests, and a 3D map provided an overview of the exhibition's layout.

Map of Expo 67. Image via McGill Archival Collection Catalogue

Aerial view of Notre Dame Island during Expo 67. Image via McGill Archival Collection Catalogue

該活動(dòng)最標(biāo)志性的建筑貢獻(xiàn)之一是Habitat 67，這是由Moshe Safdie設(shè)計(jì)的革命性住宅項(xiàng)目。最初作為其碩士論文構(gòu)思，這一模塊化結(jié)構(gòu)旨在通過結(jié)合獨(dú)立住宅的優(yōu)點(diǎn)與公寓居住的密度，解決城市住房的挑戰(zhàn)。Habitat 67位于博覽會(huì)場地Cité du Havre區(qū)域，成為前瞻性建筑的象征，并繼續(xù)作為蒙特利爾天際線上的重要地標(biāo)。

One of the most iconic architectural contributions of the event was Habitat 67, a revolutionary housing project designed by Moshe Safdie. Originally conceived as his master's thesis, the modular structure aimed to address the challenges of urban housing by merging the benefits of inpidual homes with the density of apartment living. Situated on an area of the expo site known as Cité du Havre, Habitat 67 became a symbol of forward-thinking architecture and remains a prominent landmark in Montreal's skyline.

Contemporary view of Habitat 67 in Montreal. Image © Jeangagnon via Wikipedia under license  CC-BY-SA-3.0

1967年10月博覽會(huì)結(jié)束后，該場地繼續(xù)展覽運(yùn)營，并起名為 “人類與世界”，一直到1984年，其展出不斷。例如，為此活動(dòng)建造的一個(gè)標(biāo)志性結(jié)構(gòu)是Frei Otto的德國館，他與Rolf Gutbrod合作設(shè)計(jì)。然而，由于許多建筑并非為長期使用而設(shè)計(jì)，最終年久失修并被拆除。盡管如此，一些關(guān)鍵結(jié)構(gòu)得以保存，并繼續(xù)在城市景觀中發(fā)揮重要作用。

After the exposition concluded in October 1967, the site continued to operate as an exhibition known as "Man and His World", which remained active during the summer months until 1984. For example, one iconic structure built for the occasion was Frei Otto's German Pavilion, which he designed in collaboration with Rolf Gutbrod. However, since many of the buildings were not designed for long-term use, they eventually fell into disrepair and were dismantled. Despite this, several key structures survive and continue to play significant roles in the city's landscape.

View of the German Pavillion in Expo 67. Image © Frei Otto via Archdaily

最知名的遺跡之一是Buckminster Fuller的網(wǎng)格球頂建筑，最初作為美國館使用?，F(xiàn)在改建為蒙特利爾生物圈，作為環(huán)境博物館。Habitat 67則仍然用作功能性住宅綜合體，并于2009年被指定為歷史紀(jì)念碑。此外，前法國和魁北克館被改建為蒙特利爾賭場。蒙特利爾世博會(huì)的原址現(xiàn)已更名為Jean-Drapeau公園，這是一個(gè)公共空間，舉辦包括音樂節(jié)和一年一度的Formula 1 Canadian Grand Prix等重大活動(dòng)。

Among the most recognizable remnants is Buckminster Fuller's geodesic dome, which originally served as the American Pavilion. Now repurposed as the Montreal Biosphere, it functions as an environmental museum. Habitat 67 remains a functioning residential complex and was designated a historic monument in 2009. Additionally, the former French and Quebec pavilions were transformed into the Casino de Montréal. The original site of Expo 67 has since been rebranded as Parc Jean-Drapeau, a public space that hosts major events, including music festivals and the annual Formula 1 Canadian Grand Prix.

The Biosphere in Park Jean Drapeau. Image © Moises Carrasco

博覽會(huì)帶來的交通和建筑進(jìn)步繼續(xù)塑造蒙特利爾的現(xiàn)代身份，鞏固其作為文化與創(chuàng)新中心的地位。今天，它仍是城市歷史上的關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻。它慶祝了加拿大聯(lián)邦成立100周年，還展示了其舉辦世界級(jí)活動(dòng)的能力。五十多年后，其遺產(chǎn)通過建筑、交通網(wǎng)絡(luò)和文化地標(biāo)持續(xù)影響蒙特利爾的身份。今天，它似乎在提醒著，人們聚集于此共同慶祝人類的成就與進(jìn)步，今年，2025年大阪世博會(huì)創(chuàng)造了另一個(gè)類似于蒙特利爾的全球合作機(jī)會(huì)，展示可能塑造我們生活、連接和建設(shè)未來世界的進(jìn)步。

The transportation and architectural advancements that emerged from the expo continue to shape Montreal's modern identity, reinforcing its place as a center of culture and innovation. Today, it remains a defining moment in the city's history. It not only celebrated the 100th anniversary of the Canadian Confederation but also demonstrated its ability to host a world-class event. More than five decades later, its legacy endures in the structures, transportation networks, and cultural landmarks that continue to shape Montreal's identity. Today, it serves as a reminder of a time when the world came together to celebrate human achievement and progress. This year, the Osaka Expo 2025 creates yet another opportunity for global collaboration similar to Montreal, showcasing advancements that may shape the way we live, connect, and build our future world.

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